CELLS & VIRUSES

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A: Cellular Organization

• Prokaryotic Cells
• Eukaryotic Cells

B: Biomembranes

• Phospholipids
• Cholesterol and Steroids
• Glycoproteins and Glycolipids
• Blood Group Antigens

C: The Nucleus

• Chromosomes and Karyotype
• Chromosome Numbers
• Sex Chromosomes
• Banding Pattern of Human Chromosomes

D: Cytoplasmic Organelles

E: Viruses

• Baltimore Classification of Viruses
• Virus Structure
• The Life Cycle of Viruses
• Mechanism of HIV Entry into the Host Cell

F: Bacteriophages

• The Life Cycle of Lambda Phages

G: Anthrax

PROTEIN STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

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A: Building Blocks - Amino Acids

• The Twenty Amino Acids of Proteins
• pH and pK_a

B: Peptides

C: Secondary Structure

• Hydrogen Bond
• Alpha Helix
• Beta Strand, Beta Sheet and Beta Barrel
• Protein Motifs

D: Three-Dimensional Structure

E: Enzymes

• Classification of Enzymes
• Catalytic Mechanisms of Enzymes

F: Membrane Proteins

• G-protein-Coupled Receptors
• Immunoglobulin Family
• Ion Channels
• Transport Proteins
• Membrane Attached Proteins

G: Miscellaneous Proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS

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A: Building Blocks - Nucleotides

• Cellular Nucleotides and Nucleosides
• The Nucleic Acid Chain

B: DNA Structure

• DNA's B Form, A Form and Z Form

C: RNA Structure and Function

• Structure of tRNA
• Ribosome
• Ribozyme
• Small RNA Molecules

D: Chromatin Structure

• Histones and Nucleosomes
• Conformation of Chromatin Fibers

E: The Genetic Code

• Cracking the Genetic Code
• mRNA
• Order in the Genetic Code
• Non-standard Genetic Codes

F: Genes

• b-globin Gene and Gene Family
• Duplicated Genes

G: Repetitive DNA Sequences

• Tandem Repeats
• Interspersed Repeats
• Jefferson, Alleged Sons and Microsatellites

H: Genomes and Proteomics

• The Genome of Hepatitis B virus
• The HIV Genome
• The E. coli Genome
• The Yeast Genome
• The Genomes of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

GENE TRANSCRIPTION

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A: Overview of Gene Expression

B: Overview of Transcription

• RNA Polymerases

C: Gene's Regulatory Elements

• Promoter
• The lac Operon Promoter
• The IL-2 Promoter
• Enhancer
• Silencer
• Response Elements

D: Transcription Mechanisms in Prokaryotes

• Transcriptional Termination in Prokaryotes
• Regulation of lac Operon Transcription
• Activation of glnA Transcription by NTRC

E: Transcription Mechanisms in Eukaryotes

• Assembly of the Pre-Initiation Complex

F: Motif Structures of Transcription Factors

• Zinc Finger
• Helix-Turn-Helix
• Leucine Zipper
• Helix-Loop-Helix

G: Histone Acetylation and DNA Methylation

• CREB Binding Protein (CBP) and p300
• Transcriptional Regulation by Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation

H: Regulation of Transcription Factors

• Regulation of lac Repressor
• Regulation of l Repressor (cI)
• Regulation of NF-kB
• p53

I: Transcription of RNA Genes

J: Genomic Replications of Viruses

• Mechanism of Reverse Transcription
• Generation of Retroviral Genomic RNA

POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSES

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A: RNA Processing

• RNA Splicing
• RNA Editing

B: Nuclear Transport

• The Role of HIV rev Protein
• NFAT, Calcineurin and Immunosuppression

C: Synthesis of Proteins

• Initiation Signal of Protein Synthesis
• Frameshift
• Gene Overlapping
• Translation by tRNA
• Procedure of Protein Synthesis

D: Sorting of Proteins

• Transport into Rough ER
• Transport into and Across Golgi
• Transport to Lysosome

E: Synthesis of Lipids

F: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

CELL SIGNALING AND APOPTOSIS

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A: Overview

B: Signaling via Hydrophobic Molecules

C: Signaling via Ion Channels

D: Signaling via G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

• G Proteins
• G Protein Effectors

E: Signaling via Cell Surface Enzymes

• Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
• Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
• Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases
• Ras and Other Small G Proteins

F: Intracellular Signaling

• Signaling by cAMP
• Signaling by NF-kB
• Signaling by STAT
• The MAPK Signaling Pathway

G: Apoptosis

• TRAIL
• Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Aging

DNA REPLICATION, MUTATION AND REPAIR

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A: Overview of DNA Replication

B: Mechanism of DNA Replication

• Synthesis of DNA

C: Telomerase and Aging

D: Topoisomerases

E: Mutation and Consequences

F: Mutation Mechanisms

• Mutation by UV light
• Mutation by Chemical Agents
• Mutation by Replication Errors
• DNA Methylation and CpG Island

G: DNA Repair Mechanisms

CELL DIVISION & SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT

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A: Cell Cycle

• Initiation and Termination Mechanism of the S phase

B: Mitosis

• MPF and the Initiation of Mitosis
• Termination Mechanism of Mitosis

C: Meiosis

D: DNA Recombination

• Homologous Recombination
• The Holliday Model of DNA Crossover
• Gene Conversion
• Unequal Crossover
• Site-specific Recombination
• Transpositional Recombination

E: Chromosome Abnormality

F: Mechanisms of Development

• Stem Cells

G: Formation of Tissues

H: The Immune System

• Interleukins
• Interferons
• Tumor Necrosis Factors
• Chemokines

BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOINFORMATICS

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1. DNA Cloning 
2. DNA Recombination Technology
3. Cloning Vectors 
4. Genomic Library and cDNA Library 
5. Gel Electrophoresis  
6. Blotting Methods and Applications  
7. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  
8. DNA Sequencing  
9. Site-Directed Mutagenesis  
10. Production of Recombinant Proteins  
11. Organism Cloning
12. Bioinformatics 
13. DNA Microarrays and SAGE

GENES & DISEASES

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1. Gene Mapping  
2. Cloning Disease Genes  
3. Gene Therapy 
4. Cancer 

• Breast Cancer  
• Cervical Cancer  
• Colorectal Cancer  
• Leukemia  
• Liver Cancer  
• Lung Cancer  
• Prostate Cancer  
• Skin Cancer