GENE TRANSCRIPTION

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A: Overview of Gene Expression

B: Overview of Transcription

• RNA Polymerases

C: Gene's Regulatory Elements

• Promoter
• The lac Operon Promoter
• The IL-2 Promoter
• Enhancer
• Silencer
• Response Elements

D: Transcription Mechanisms in Prokaryotes

• Transcriptional Termination in Prokaryotes
• Regulation of lac Operon Transcription
• Activation of glnA Transcription by NTRC

E: Transcription Mechanisms in Eukaryotes

• Assembly of the Pre-Initiation Complex

F: Motif Structures of Transcription Factors

• Zinc Finger
• Helix-Turn-Helix
• Leucine Zipper
• Helix-Loop-Helix

G: Histone Acetylation and DNA Methylation

• CREB Binding Protein (CBP) and p300
• Transcriptional Regulation by Histone Acetylation and Deacetylation

H: Regulation of Transcription Factors

• Regulation of lac Repressor
• Regulation of l Repressor (cI)
• Regulation of NF-kB
• p53

I: Transcription of RNA Genes

J: Genomic Replications of Viruses

• Mechanism of Reverse Transcription
• Generation of Retroviral Genomic RNA

POSTTRANSCRIPTIONAL PROCESSES

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A: RNA Processing

• RNA Splicing
• RNA Editing

B: Nuclear Transport

• The Role of HIV rev Protein
• NFAT, Calcineurin and Immunosuppression

C: Synthesis of Proteins

• Initiation Signal of Protein Synthesis
• Frameshift
• Gene Overlapping
• Translation by tRNA
• Procedure of Protein Synthesis

D: Sorting of Proteins

• Transport into Rough ER
• Transport into and Across Golgi
• Transport to Lysosome

E: Synthesis of Lipids

F: Endocytosis and Exocytosis

CELL SIGNALING AND APOPTOSIS

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A: Overview

B: Signaling via Hydrophobic Molecules

C: Signaling via Ion Channels

D: Signaling via G-Protein-Coupled Receptors

• G Proteins
• G Protein Effectors

E: Signaling via Cell Surface Enzymes

• Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
• Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinases
• Non-receptor Tyrosine Kinases
• Ras and Other Small G Proteins

F: Intracellular Signaling

• Signaling by cAMP
• Signaling by NF-kB
• Signaling by STAT
• The MAPK Signaling Pathway

G: Apoptosis

• TRAIL
• Mitochondria, Apoptosis and Aging

DNA REPLICATION, MUTATION AND REPAIR

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A: Overview of DNA Replication

B: Mechanism of DNA Replication

• Synthesis of DNA

C: Telomerase and Aging

D: Topoisomerases

E: Mutation and Consequences

F: Mutation Mechanisms

• Mutation by UV light
• Mutation by Chemical Agents
• Mutation by Replication Errors
• DNA Methylation and CpG Island

G: DNA Repair Mechanisms